As digital identity systems become more integrated into daily life, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin is raising concerns over the risks posed by overly centralized approaches.
In a recent blog post, Buterin advocates for “pluralistic” identity systems that balance privacy, inclusivity, and resistance to coercion, offering a more nuanced framework than current one-ID-per-person models.
Buterin’s remarks come amid growing adoption of zero-knowledge (ZK) proof-based identity tools, which allow users to prove eligibility or status without disclosing personal information. Projects like World ID, Taiwan’s digital ID initiative, and various EU-backed platforms are leveraging this cryptographic breakthrough to build privacy-focused credentials.
Buterin acknowledges the progress: “ZK-wrapping solves a lot of important problems,” he wrote. But he cautioned that even systems using ZK proofs can pose major threats if they rigidly enforce singular identities. “ZK-wrapped ID still has risks,” he warned, especially when they reduce people to a single traceable identity across platforms.
Why One ID Isn’t Enough
At the heart of Buterin’s argument is the role of pseudonymity, the ability to maintain distinct identities in different contexts, which he views as essential for digital freedom.
“In the real world, pseudonymity generally requires having multiple accounts,” he noted. If platforms and governments mandate a single identity for all online activities, users could lose the flexibility to separate personal, political, or professional personas, potentially exposing them to surveillance or repression.
He also took aim at identity frameworks based solely on “proof of wealth,” a method sometimes used to deter fake accounts (Sybil attacks). Such approaches, he argued, unfairly favor the rich and exclude the economically marginalized. Instead, he proposed a more egalitarian model where the cost of acquiring multiple identities scales non-linearly, ideally, with each added ID costing more than the last.
A Case for Pluralism
To counter these risks, Buterin proposes pluralistic identity systems, which operate across multiple issuers and verification methods rather than relying on a single authority.
These systems can be explicit, such as social-graph-based models, where trust is built through personal connections. Alternatively, they can be implicit, where individuals hold multiple IDs — from governments, online platforms, or community groups — none of which dominates the entire identity landscape.
“Any form of pluralistic identity… is naturally more error-tolerant,” Buterin wrote, highlighting that such models better serve individuals who are stateless or excluded from traditional identification systems.
Ultimately, he sees a hybrid future: one that fuses personhood-verifying mechanisms with decentralized networks of trust, creating digital identities that are both verifiable and flexible.
A Warning Against Monopoly
Buterin’s underlying message is clear: if any single identity system gains too much ground, it risks reshaping the internet into a surveillance-prone, exclusionary environment.
“Once market share gets too close to 100%, [identity systems] shift the world… to a one-per-person model, which has worse properties,” he cautioned.
In championing pluralism, Buterin is urging developers and policymakers to resist the temptation of simplicity, and instead, embrace a messier, more human internet where identity is not a singular badge, but a mosaic.
